The bitumen penetration apparatus, also known as a penetrometer, is a laboratory instrument used to measure the consistency (hardness or softness) of bituminous materials like asphalt or bitumen. This test determines how deeply a standard needle penetrates into a bitumen sample under specified conditions of load, time, and temperature, providing a penetration value in tenths of a millimeter (0.1 mm units). It’s essential for classifying bitumen grades, ensuring suitability for road construction, and assessing performance in different climates—e.g., softer bitumen (higher penetration) for cold weather to prevent cracking, and harder grades for hot conditions.

Grades bitumen based on penetration values (30/40, 60/70, 80/100), as per standards like ASTM D5, AASHTO T49, and IS 1203. Values range from 40–300, grouped into hardness categories. Tests pure bitumen, oxidized bitumen, and residues from emulsions; also used for tars, waxes, greases, and soils (with adaptations). Not suitable for very soft, low-viscosity materials like tars.